Funds invested in privately held businesses are known as private equity (PE). Businesses with equity structured as stock shares are considered public firms. Following an initial public offering (IPO), these businesses are listed for trading on a stock exchange. The phrase also describes the fund methods, including different types of private equity, that investors employ to generate returns on their assets.
Opportunities for private equity investing are many. Investors can revive a flagging brand or put money into promising enterprises. Investors seeking higher returns than those possible from stock investments are drawn to private equity.
To learn more about types of private equity investing and its main investment strategies, continue reading.
9 Types of Private Equity
In contrast to purchasing stocks, real estate, and other assets with the potential for long-term growth, private equity funds are seen as “alternative” investing options. The nine types of private equity funds are described in further detail below.
1. Leveraged Buyout (LBO)
Investment capital and borrowed funds are combined in a leveraged buyout fund approach. The fund’s objective is to purchase businesses and turn them into lucrative ventures. The fund management has more money to purchase larger businesses by combining the borrowed funds with the investor’s money. In these kinds of transactions, businesses are either bought outright or the purchasing corporation acquires a majority ownership in the company to influence its direction and objectives.
Because the purchasing business uses the funds of investors and creditors to finance larger buyouts, it is known as a leveraged buyout. If the tactics are successful, the larger buyouts may result in higher profits for investors.
2. Venture Capital (VC)
One type of private equity and finance that focuses on backing new and early-stage enterprises is venture capital. Venture capitalists make investments in businesses they think have a lot of room to grow. Additionally, they provide funding to start-up businesses that have experienced rapid growth and are poised for further expansion.
Venture capital firms typically take a minority interest, in contrast to leveraged buyout funds. The management of the company is now in charge of running the company. Given that the businesses are start-ups with no proven track record of profitability, venture capital investing is somewhat riskier.
This kind of finance is typically created and managed by venture capital firms. Usually, wealthy individuals, investment banks, angel investors, and other financial organizations provide the funding. Investors don’t always make financial contributions. We also accept offers of management or technical assistance.
Numerous accounts exist of venture capital investments yielding substantial profits. For instance, when Facebook purchased WhatsApp in 2014, Sequoia Capital’s $60 million investment in the firm had grown to at least $3 billion. Sequoia’s tale is unique, yet it is what draws venture capitalists to the company.
3. Growth Equity
Businesses use growth equity to raise money to support expansion. Growth equity, sometimes referred to as expansion equity or growth capital, functions similarly to venture capital but is less risky. To ensure that the businesses getting the investment are already profitable, have a better valuation, and have little to no debt, the firms will conduct due diligence.
Growth capital makes investments in established businesses that want to expand by joining new markets or acquiring other businesses. Preferred shares are typically distributed to investors as minority ownership in growth equity transactions. Investors can still earn large returns with this kind of finance, but the risk is moderate.
4. Real Estate Private Equity (REPE)
Private equity funds for real estate use a variety of tactics when making property investments. A portion of the capital are prudently allocated to rental properties with steady, predictable income that poses little risk. Other funds make investments in speculative development transactions or land, which carry a higher risk and a higher possible return.
This kind of fund is managed by real estate PE firms. They raise money from limited partners (LPs), who are outside investors. Properties are purchased, developed, and run with the capital. Additionally, the businesses will upgrade their real estate holdings in order to sell them for a profit. The majority of funds primarily manage rental residential real estate and concentrate on commercial real estate.
5. Infrastructure
Private equity for infrastructure functions similarly to that of real estate. Private equity investors provide funds to businesses. They then purchase assets, manage them, and ultimately sell them for a profit using that money. Infrastructure funds differ in that they make investments in resources that supply necessary services or utilities. This covers industries such as:
- Water, gas, and electricity are examples of utilities.
- Roads, bridges, airports, and rail travel are examples of transportation.
- Social infrastructure, such as schools and hospitals
- Energy (such as pipes and power plants)
- Renewable energy (such as wind farms and solar power facilities)
Businesses in the infrastructure sector are reliable and typically last for decades. Certain corporations, such as energy companies and airports, have monopolies in their services, which makes them extremely valuable. Because of all of this, investment in infrastructure is comparatively low risk.
6. Fund of Funds
Although it does not make investments in private businesses or assets, a private equity fund of funds raises money from investors. Rather, it purchases shares in a portfolio of other private equity funds in the role of an investor. A fund-of-funds corporation might invest in a leveraged buyout fund, venture capital firm, or real estate private equity firm, for instance. The fund is managed by professional investors, who also collect a management fee.
Investors can profit from diversification with this kind of vehicle. Additionally, it gives access to capital that ordinary investors might not have previously had. Funds of funds give investors access to specialist funds with greater returns because they operate in all spheres of private equity. Fund of funds investors typically include endowments, high-net-worth individuals, pension funds, and accredited investors.
7. Mezzanine Capital
A building’s mezzanine floor is located midway between floors. Because mezzanine money lies in between of debt financing and equity capital raising, this form of the fund is appropriately titled. Usually, businesses use it to collect money for particular initiatives.
Preferred stocks or subordinated notes are used to issue mezzanine capital to investors. An unsecured debt asset with a higher interest rate is called a subordinated note. It ranks behind creditors but above preferred and common shares in terms of who gets paid first. This kind of private equity is a hybrid financing method that seeks to reduce risk compared to equity financing while generating a greater rate of return than debt.
8. Distressed Private Equity
Lending to businesses in financial difficulties is the area of expertise for distressed private equity funds, sometimes referred to as special situations. The funds’ goal when investing in businesses is to seize control of the enterprise while it is going through bankruptcy or restructuring procedures in order to purchase the business at a reduced price. After that, they’ll try to make the businesses better before selling them. They will occasionally even list the business on a stock exchange and take it to the public markets.
Distressed private equity organizations raise money from outside investors, hold the investment for extended periods of time, and use it to purchase properties or businesses, just like the majority of businesses on our list. High-net-worth individuals, institutional investors, and hedge funds are examples of distressed PE fund investors.
9. Secondaries
Although it’s not their main purpose, secondary funds occasionally purchase businesses or assets and make investments in the portfolios of other private equity firms. Rather, the secondary market is there to purchase committed investments in a fund.
To start, the majority of the private equity funds on this list are usually set up as limited partnerships. Investors must make financial commitments during the fundraising process on behalf of the limited partners. General partners are members of the fund’s management team.
The initial period of a typical private equity fund is between 10 and 12 years. An investment phase is defined as the first five years. Investors can sell their investments during the harvesting phase, which occurs in the years that follow.
The secondary market is the only avenue for an investor to sell their investment if they need or wish to withdraw their money before the harvesting time has passed.
Let FundTQ Help You Manage Your Small Business Equity
In place of conventional long-term investments in stocks, real estate, or other assets, private equity funds are seen as “alternative” investing options. If you’re seeking to raise money for your company or are searching for ways to diversify your sources of income, private equity firms might be the best option for you.
With FundTQ’s accounting software, you can determine and monitor your owner’s equity for your company. Whenever you require financial statements, create balance sheets, income statements, and cash flow statements. You can truly understand the worth and long-term profitability of your company when you have up-to-date, trustworthy information. You can run and expand your business more intelligently if you know how your company is going.
