Have you ever been asking yourself, What is financial modeling? you are in the right place. Financial modeling is an important skill in finance, investment, entrepreneurship, and any other person who wants to make financial decisions based on data. With this all-in-one guide, you will dissect all information you need to know about financial modeling- starting with the basics, up to advanced concepts and on a step by step basis.

What is Financial Modeling?

One of the most prizes though least comprehended skills in financial analysis is financial modeling. Financial modeling aims at integrating accounting, finance, and business metrics in order to make a forecast about future outcomes of the business.

A financial model is plainly speaking a spreadsheet typically developed in Microsoft Excel, which predicts the financial performance of a business over an extended period. The projection is usually made on the past performance of the company, as well as the assumptions with respect to the future and needs creation of an income statement, balance sheet, cash flow statement, and supportive schedules (one of many types of approaches to financial statement modeling).

It is possible to develop more sophisticated models based on it such as discounted cash flow analysis (DCF model), leveraged buyout (LBO), mergers and acquisitions (M&A), and sensitivity analysis. An illustration of a financial modelling in Excel is provided below:

Core Highlights

– What is Financial modelling: It is a combination of accounting, finance and business metrics to develop a projection on the future outcome of a company.

– Financial modeling is mainly aimed at accurately modeling the future of a company in terms of financial performance.

– Modelling can be applied in valuing firms, in establishing whether to raise capital or to expand the business through acquisitions or organic growth.

What Is the Purpose of a Financial Model and How Is It Used?

Financial models are of numerous types and have a broad variety of applications. A financial model is applied to the output to use in decision-making and conducting a financial analysis, both internally and externally. Decisions are made using financial models regarding:

• Capital raising (debt and/or equity).
• Acquisitions (businesses and /or assets)
• Expanding the business in-house (i.e. new stores, new markets, etc.).
• Disposing of the assets and business units.
• Budgeting and forecasting (planning the future years)
• Capital investment (what projects to invest in priority)
• Valuing a business
• Ratio analysis/ financial statement analysis.
• Management accounting

Types of Financial Models

It is important to understand various types of financial models to be able to apply them. In the most frequent forms it is:

1. Three-Statement Model: Combines income, balance, and cash flow statements.
2. Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) Model: This is a model applied in valuation, which relies on anticipated cash flow and discount rates.
3. Merger and Acquisition (M&A) Model: This is an analysis of the financial effect of a merger or acquisition.
4. Budget Model: Assists firms in projecting income and expense.
5. Leveraged Buyout (LBO) Model: It is the acquisition financing that is based on the debt financing.
6. Forecasting Model: Estimating future revenue, costs and other significant measures of the project.

Steps to Build a Financial Model – Simple Way

Financial modeling is an important financial skill among finance practitioners, investors and business analysts. A properly designed model facilitates decision-making, valuation, budgeting as well as analysis of investments. These steps are to be followed in order to develop a trustworthy and precise financial model.

1. Define the Objective

Defining the purpose of the financial model is important before creating it. Is it designed to be business valued, budgeted, forecasted or an investment analysis tool? The purpose defines how your model will be written, how detailed it will be and what kind of products it will give. Having a goal is a way of keeping your model focused and actionable.

2. Collect Historical Data

Prepare full historical financial statements, that is, income statements, balance sheets, and cash flow statements. Identify key performance indicators (KPIs) including revenue growth, gross margins, operating expenses, and capital expenditures. The basis of your model is made by accurate historical data, and enhances the reliability of forecasting.

3. Make Assumptions

Make real and information-based assumptions about your model, such as:

• Revenue growth rates
• Cost projections
• Capital expenditures (CapEx)
• The interest rates and financing costs.
  

Write clearly on what you assume, with reference where necessary. Clear assumptions make the difference between credibility and enable other people to comprehend and believe in your model.

Learn about: Financial Model for BPO Company

4. Design the Model

Develop a logical structure of your financial model:

• Inputs: History and assumptions.
• Formulas and projections: Calculations.
• Outputs: Critical results, measures, and graphics.

Be clean in layout, colour coding and standard formatting. An effective model enhances usability and minimise errors and makes it easier to be reviewed by other people.

5. Forecast Financial Statements

Prepare the main financial statements according to your assumptions:

• Income Statement: Revenue, costs and net profit.
• Balance Sheet: Assets, liabilities, and equity.
• Cash Flow Statement: operating, investing and financing.

Make your forecasts coherent and interrelated. Any modification in assumptions ought to automatically update all statements.

6. Perform Analysis

Discuss the implications of your model:

• Financial ratios: The profitability ratios, liquidity ratios, and leverage ratios.
• Scenario analysis: best-case, worst-case and base-case scenarios.
• Sensitivity analysis: Evaluate the effect of variation in assumptions.

This is done to determine the risks, opportunities and the key drivers of values.

7. Review & Validate

Check the accuracy and logical consistency of your model:

• Check formulas and calculations.
• Compare past statistics with real statements.
• Make sure that the assumptions are fair and fair.

It involves peer review or external validation which provides extra credibility.

Pro Tip: Maintain Transparency

Trust is essential in your financial model, and transparency is the key to it. Clarify assumptions, sources, and methodology in a clear manner in order to make stakeholders recognise the importance of your analysis. Not only that increases the confidence in your conclusions but also increases your professional credibility.

Tools for Financial Modeling

While Excel remains the most popular tool, other software enhances modeling efficiency:

• Microsoft Excel
• Google Sheets
• Specialised Tools

Common Mistakes to Avoid

• Over-complicating formulas
• Ignoring historical trends
• Based on impractical assumptions.
• Lack of conducting scenario analysis.
• Failing to update the model on a regular basis.

Note: All financial models are as good as the assumptions and data on which they are based.

Bottom Line

Financial modeling is an effective tool that enables the professionals to make quality financial decisions. Learning about its forms, elements, and optimal practices, both novices and specialists can utilize the potential of financial data to the fullest extent.

Financial modeling is the backbone of modern finance whether you are predicting revenue, valuing a business or looking into the investments. Begin training nowadays, and convert raw data into strategic knowledge.

In this fast-moving world of M&A, due diligence stands the process at the foundation of deal making. Depending on the business size, early on in exploring a strategic alliance or what a small-to-medium business needs and wants, obviously, one must understand the “due diligence process.” Or else acquirers will have to risk overpaying while unable to interpret a red flag or be able to integrate post-merger.

Evaluating the financial health, legal liabilities, and operational efficiency exist to place value in due diligence processes, allowing an investor or firm to make investment or business decisions. It walks you through  the entire process, step-by-step—so whether you’re a founder, a CFO, or an investment banker, you’re equipped with the clarity to act decisively.

What Is the M&A Due Diligence Process?

M&A due diligence is a structured investigation conducted before completing a merger or acquisition deal. It enables the intervener to know the assets, liabilities, agreements, compliance of the target company, its intellectual property and fitness. Just imagine a full blown audit to confirm the business that you are about to acquire or the one which you are about to merge with.

The purpose? Reduce risk, verify the quality of the transaction and lose any hidden surprises after a transaction. Due diligence forms a cornerstone of investment banking services, especially in mid-market and large transactions.

5 Key Types of M&A Due Diligence

M&A due diligence isn’t a one-size-fits-all checklist—it involves multiple layers of investigation, each focused on a critical aspect of the target company. Acquirers usually perform a number of due diligences to know that a deal is financially viable, legally sound, and strategically strategic. These include their financial wellbeing and tax status, operating efficiency and technology base.

The five most crucial forms of due diligence that have been able to spur informed decision making in any merger and acquisition deal have been summarized below.

1. Tax Due Diligence

It is a procedure that helps to recognize past, existing, and possible tax exposure. It makes sure that the target firm has paid and filed its taxes in the correct way and it also makes known the threats such as the existence of an audit in the near future or overzealous tax positions. Taxes are a major stakeholding task and this is an aspect that is non negotiable.

2. Legal Due Diligence

An overview of contracts, intellectual property rights, prior litigation, employment law compliance and legal structure. Legal problems particularly potential lawsuits can slash the value of a target company or even have a deal spoilt.

3. Financial Due diligence

Often performed by accountants or investment banking professionals, this step involves a deep dive into revenue, margins, debt, cash flows, projections, and accounting practices. Financial due diligence directly impacts business valuation software models used by acquirers.

4. Operational Due diligence

Look at internal processes, its supply chain effectiveness, human resource policies as well as the delivery system. Especially crucial when acquiring SMEs or medical equipment startups, where process efficiency affects long-term scalability.

5. IT Due diligence

Targets the tech adoration, cybersecurity protocols, program permits, and web-based foundation of the target. In case of tech-enabled businesses, i.e., FinTech or HealthTech, this is crucial to allow the integration and the scalability in the future.

Why Is the M&A Due Diligence Process So Important?

M&A Due Diligence  transactions are not only numerical in nature but they are all about people, systems and strategy. Due diligence presents of a full-spectrum dimension that:

• Handles truthful statements of the target company.
• Reveals concealed debts (e.g. legal cases, unreported debts).
• Assures synergy potential, strategic fit.
• Helps determine the accurate average ticket size for the deal.
• Prevents fundraising mistakes like overvaluation or poor post-merger fit.

Investors trust deals that are backed by structured due diligence—making it an indispensable phase in M&A and first startup funding scenarios.

How Long Does the M&A Due Diligence Take?

The schedule varies with the size of the deal, the complexity of the industry and availability of documents. Typically, it ranges from 30 to 90 days, but early-stage fundraising for startups may have shorter cycles of 2–4 weeks.

Fast-moving sectors like startup valuation without revenue may demand speed, but never at the cost of skipping due diligence. A rushed process leads to poor integration and even reasons startups fail post-deal.

Common M&A Due Diligence Challenges

• Incomplete or inaccurate data
• Ambiguous intellectual property rights of ownership
• Mismatch of culture among teams
• Regulatory compliance deficiencies
• Hidden debt or tax liabilities

These are the traps that tend to happen within unstructured startups or bootstrapped companies where founders have not institutionally structured governance. Avoiding these mistakes requires early implementation of corporate hygiene, especially in Bootstrapping vs Fundraising journeys.

Who Conducts M&A Due Diligence?

The due diligence team usually includes:

• Investment banks – for financial structuring and valuations
  
• Legal advisors – for legal and IP checks
  
• Tax consultants – for tax exposure and optimisation
  
• Operational experts – to assess processes and scalability
  
• Technology consultants – for IT and digital infrastructure
  

Such functions are usually fulfilled with the guidance of M&A advising companies such as FundTQ, who introduce expertise in the field and project management into the equation.

7 Key Steps in the M&A Due Diligence Process

To make it thorough and clear follow this rank:

1. Review Technology & Intellectual Property

License the software of audits, patents, name trademarks, and algorithms. Especially critical in medical startup funding and SaaS acquisitions.

2. Understand the Customer Base

Research contracts, churn rate, and very customer dependencies, and customer satisfaction scales. Concentration of revenues in one or two clients is a warning sign.

3. Evaluate Cultural & Strategic Fit

Value congruence, leadership approach and a long term vision should be provided to prevent the failure related to integration which occurs after the deal is completed-it is a common reason leading to the failure of M&A.

4. Examine Legal Issues & Litigations

Without lawsuits, regulatory notices or contractual disputes pending, a big surprise may be costly. Legal due diligence makes compliance and risk prevention.

5. Assess Regulatory & Compliance Status

They are environmental, financial, industry specific regulations (i.e. RBI, SEBI). For fundraising for startups in India, this step ensures your house is in order before the deal.

6. Review Corporate Governance

Look at board composition, shareholder accords, employee stock plans and disclosure of conflict of interest claims.

7. Analyze Financial Health & Projections

Make sure that the revenue, margin and growth forecast of the target meet your thesis about the investment. Tools like business valuation software and post-money valuation calculators are vital here.

Discipline & Transparency- The Key to M&A Success

Many fundraising for startups fail to close acquisition deals because they don’t treat due diligence with the seriousness it deserves. M&A is not a handshake- it is a strategic partnership. Investors can not trust it without transparency and organized data rooms.

Firms that develop internal due diligence checklists early by monitoring their contracts, employee records, ownership of IP, and KPIs on finance are a sign of being disciplined and hence more attractive as an acquisition candidate.

How FundTQ Supports M&A Due Diligence?

FundTQ is one of the top M&A and capital advisory platforms that allow its clients, startups, SMEs, and investors, to simplify their due diligence. Here’s how:

• Data Room Set up: Get suitable data room sorted out by structuring the relevant company documents that an investor will look into.
• Due Diligence Checklist: Domain-based templates specific to industries such as HealthTech, FinTech, and B2B SaaS.
• Financial Modeling: Integrated business valuation software to estimate accurate valuations.
• Legal Vetting / Tax Vetting: Consulting professionals join in to assist in bringing legal, compliance and tax risks to light and neutralize them.
• Post-Deal Integration: FundTQ facilitates cultural and operational alignment after either a merger or acquisition which minimizes the chances of failure.

At FundTQ, the M&A journey is enabled by powerful insights, investor-quality preparedness, and industry-sensible solutions.

Conclusion: 

In the current hyper-competitive environment due diligence is not an option anymore, it is a strategy. Whether you’re a founder preparing for your first startup funding or an investor scanning for your next big opportunity, mastering the M&A due diligence process is critical.

Due diligence covers your investment, gives power to potential negotiation, and makes the ground of long-term success blameless. With the support of such expert-supported services as FundTQ, you can easily make an educated, seamless transaction out of a complicated one.

Ready to start your M&A journey?

Get in touch with FundTQ today to receive the professional assistance of M&A consulting and due diligence services. Whether it’s business valuation, fundraising for startups, or SME growth strategies, we’ll help you navigate your next big move with precision and confidence.

When businesses begin to grow, they often need more money, better advice, and stronger partnerships to keep that growth going. This is where investment bankers come into play. It is a part of the financial services sector that helps companies raise capital, buy or sell other companies, go public, or manage their financial structure better.

Investment banking may sound like a complex term, but at its core, it is about helping businesses handle their financial needs innovatively and structured. Whether a company wants to expand into a new market or improve its economic strength, investment banks provide the necessary tools, advice, and resources.

Investment banking helps businesses raise the money they need to grow

Working with investment banks is one of the most common reasons businesses seek capital. A business expands and needs capital to buy machinery, technology, human resources, and new locations. Investment banks link business entities with investors willing to lend out that money.

Critical roles played by the investment banks in capital raising;

• Equity financing: Helping companies find investors with whom to sell shares privately or publicly.
• Debt financing: Helping companies seek bonds or favorable government loans.
• Private placements: Forming deals with investors of their own choice instead of using public markets.
• Structured financing: Creating a financing plan effective to the business’s current position and future requirements.

Based on a report by Statista, equity issuance worldwide exceeded $840 billion in 2023. This shows how huge amounts of funds are still being accessed by businesses with the help of investment banks.

Investment banks provide sound financial advice for business planning

Managing finances becomes increasingly complex as a business grows and expands. Investment banks offer advice to companies so that they can plan their next course after understanding financial outcomes better.

Examples of financial advice provided:

• Capital structure decisions: Whether a company should borrow or apply for equity.
• Valuation services: Assisting a business to learn its actual worth particularly in negotiations or expansion plans.
• Cash flow analysis: Knowing where the money is going and how it can improve.
• Market analysis: Offering insights into industry trends, the nature of the competition, and the actions of the investors.

Such advice can help businesses make key decisions and prevent expensive errors.

Mergers and acquisitions are easier with professional guidance

Acquisition or merger with another business is a very effective method of quick growth. However, such deals are complex, and much may go wrong without adequate help. Investment banks take business through the entire process.

Roles performed by investment banks in mergers and acquisitions.

• Matching the right target/ buyer: Leveraging networks and market research to identify suitable companies for potential mergers or acquisitions.
• Valuation and negotiation support: Guaranteeing that the business pays or receives the fair value.
• Due diligence: Scrutinizing the deal’s financial, legal, and operational aspects to prevent future issues.
• Deal structuring and execution: Developing how the deal will be done legally and financially.

According to PWC, total global M&A activity has gone over $3.2 trillion in 2023, demonstrating how this space is active and competitive.

Tip for Founders: Struggling to raise funds? Let FundtQ help you with ready-to-use pitch deck templates and instant business valuation software — everything you need to pitch with confidence and clarity.

Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) are handled more effectively by experienced firms

Going public is a major milestone for any business—it not only boosts market visibility but also opens the door to raising capital from a broader pool of public investors. However IPOs have different steps and KRA has to be adhered to fully. It is through the investment banks that the businesses can go through such a process smoothly.

The role played by investment banks in IPOs:

• Underwriting: Bearing the risk of selling off the shares to the investors.
• Regulatory compliance: Guaranteeing every paperwork and legal requisite is fulfilled.
• Valuation and pricing: Assisting in determining the number of shares to be issued, and for how much.
• Marketing the IPO: Generating interest from institutional and retail investors.

In 2023, the IPO market in the world was approximately $123 billion with investment banks being the leading participant in all listings.

Also Read:  Investment Banking Services for Startups and Enterprises

Strategic planning is more effective with the right financial partner

Apart from providing funds and deal handling, investment banks assist the business to think long term. They help in matching financial strategies to business goals. Such strategic support is crucial for companies that aim to achieve ahead of challenges and innovatively use the resources.

How investment banks contribute to strategic planning:

• Business expansion financing: Planning ways to finance the entry into a new market or product line.
• Long-term forecasting: Testing various scenarios to prepare for future business cycles.
• Risk management: Identifying and managing financial risks.
• Investor relations support: Assisting companies to keep good relations with their investors.

Why investment banking is necessary for business growth

For expanding firms, investment banking is not all about the money. It’s about making the right choices at the right time with the right advice. If one’s company is about to expand with an unbelievable speed or if a company wishes to gain a strong financial foundation, an investment bank can be the key to success or failure.

Most important reasons why investment banking is essential to business growth:

• It provides avenues of accessing money that drives expansion and innovation.
• It gives straightforward advice research-based in terms of market conditions.
• It enables complex processes such as mergers, acquisitions and IPOs.
• It allows companies to plan for the future confidently.
• It makes it comply with financial rules and the investors’ expectations.

Also Read: Future of Investment Banking in India 

Conclusion

Investment banking is an essential aspect in growth of any serious business. It helps companies to raise funds, strategize, and make important decisions about the future. In the form of IPOs, acquisitions, or long term strategy, investment banks serve as trusted advisors in assisting businesses in moving forward with stability and mission.

A good investment bank relationship is something every business that intends to grow steadily and successfully should consider.

At FundTQ, we specialise in helping businesses like yours access smart capital, strategic insights, and expert financial planning.

Ready to elevate your business strategy? Talk to our experts today and find out how FundTQ can support your next big move.

Financial metrics are essential for assessing the performance and health of any business. For any organization to be evaluated for health and success, financial measurements are critical. There are some of the key financial metrics that every business should manage and evaluate regularly, ranging from revenue and profitability to the expenses you pay to draw in new clients.

By keeping a close eye on these financial metrics, you can identify valuable insights into your business’s financial health, identify potential areas where you can make improvements, and make data-driven decisions that drive your business toward growth and success.

Though there are a ton of financial metrics that you can track, including the ones that are listed below, we recommend finding the KPIs that are the most important and relevant to your business based on your unique strategic goals.

Financial Key Metrics

Let’s dive right in. Here are some of the important financial metrics that your business can track.

1. Revenue

The total amount of money your business makes from the sale of its goods or services over a specific period is known as revenue or sales.

Formula

Price of Goods/Services * Quantity Sold

Why it’s Important?

• Any firm needs to be able to produce sales to function.
• Monitoring this indication over time will help you determine if your company is expanding, contracting, or declining.
• Even if revenue differs from the real profit your company makes, you may still learn a lot by analyzing the sales volumes of individual products and services and segmenting your revenue based on the types of income (recurring or non-recurring).

2. Gross Margin

The percentage of income your company keeps after deducting all costs associated with producing your good or service is known as its gross margin.

Formula

(Revenue – Cost of Goods Sold)/Revenue

Why it’s Important?

• One of the financial indicators that matters the most to investors is gross margin, which will show you how well you are allocating your resources.
• It’s a metric for profitability that shows you how much money your business makes for every dollar that is sold for products or services.
• A high gross margin indicates that you are making enough money on the inside to support potential future expansion. Additionally, if a company expands, its gross margin will often rise with time.
• However, a smaller margin can indicate that you need to raise the pricing of your good or service to better offset the expenses you pay to deliver it.

3. Burn Rate

The rate at which your business uses cash to fund operations is called its burn rate.

Formula

Cash payments – cash collections

Why it’s Important

• Your burn rate will show you how much money your business is “burning” over a given length of time.
• Your organization is using its cash more quickly the greater its burn rate.
• The sustainability of your operations may be significantly impacted by this, and a persistently high burn rate may indicate that you may require outside funding in order to maintain your company.

4. Runway

Runway (a.k.a cash runway) is how many months your business has before it runs out of cash.

Formula

Cash in Hand / Projected Burn Rate

Why it’s Important

• Your startup will have more time to develop and expand if its runway is longer.
• Your revenue and expenses define your runway. You will eventually run out of money if your monthly spending exceeds your monthly income. Your runway indicates when “eventually” will happen.
• This financial measure can provide you with a wealth of business insights, aside from the obvious—your firm physically needs a runway to stay in business.

5. Monthly Recurring Revenue (MRR)

The total amount of recurring money you receive from subscription clients each month is represented by monthly recurring revenue (MRR), a financial statistic used by SaaS companies.

Formula

Average Revenue per Account (Monthly) * Total # of Customers

Why it’s Important

• Based on the monthly cost you charge your clients, the monthly revenue ratio (MRR) provides subscription-based businesses with a reliable indicator of how much money they may expect to produce each month.
• When combined with other indicators that are significant to SaaS companies, such as potential growth, churn rate, and other variables, MRR can be a useful tool for projecting future monthly income and assisting with future decision-making.

6. Average Revenue Per Account (ARPA)

A SaaS company uses average revenue per account (ARPA) as a metric to calculate the average revenue per paying account.

Formula

MRR / # of Total Accounts

Why it’s Important

• With ARPA, you may get a more thorough understanding of your profitability and growth by objectively comparing yourself to others in the industry.
• Despite their similarities, average revenue per unit (ARPU) and this measure should not be confused.
• You can gain insights from ARPA on client retention, pricing strategy, and total revenue growth. Generally speaking, a rising ARPA indicates that your marketing and sales initiatives are paying off.
• You may identify monthly customer patterns, the goods that generate the most money, and the most popular subscription level among your customers by monitoring this metric over time.

7. Customer Churn / Logo Churn

Customer churn (a.k.a. customer attrition or logo churn) is the percentage of customers your business lost during a set period of time.

Formula

(# of Churned Customers / Total # of Customers at the Beginning of the Period) * 100

Why it’s Important

• Every SaaS company will eventually lose clients, so you should ensure you’re maximizing your churn rate and gaining more clients than you lose over a specific time frame.
• Your long-term business performance will benefit from a lower churn rate, achieved by retaining a larger customer base.
• Higher churn rates make it more difficult for you to expand your clientele because you will always need to find new ones to replace the departing ones before you can concentrate on expansion.

8. MRR Churn

The amount of monthly recurring revenue (MRR) that you lose from current clients is known as MRR churn.

Formula

Customers at the Beginning of the Month * Churn Rate * ARPA

Why it’s Important

• Knowing your MRR churn is just as crucial for SaaS companies as knowing what their MRR is.
• Once more, some level of churn is unavoidable for your company, but to make wise judgments, you must be well-informed about it.
• When taking into account lost clients, MRR churn can be utilized to anticipate monthly revenue increases over time, which can aid in your financial planning efforts. Additionally, this will improve your visibility on your financial runway.

9. Contraction MRR

The amount of predictable money your business will receive from clients each year is known as annual recurring revenue.

Formula

Downgrade MRR + Churn MRR

Why it’s Important

• Even though it’s unavoidable, customers will downgrade or cancel subscriptions each month, therefore it’s critical to track and optimize this measure.
• Understanding your contraction margin ratio (CRR) is important, but you can go deeper into the data to gain additional insights into things like whether your product is overpriced in the market, whether you’re not providing enough value, or whether you’re not communicating the value you offer well enough.
• Naturally, you would rather a client downgrade than cancel entirely, so be sure to identify the factors influencing your contraction MRR so you can quickly resolve any problems and further your growth goals.

10. ARR

Annual recurring revenue is the amount of predictable revenue your company will generate from customers in a year.

Formula

MRR * 12

Why it’s Important

• If your company is subscription-based, you can benefit greatly from using ARR, the annualized form of MRR.
• Your firm will dry up if you can’t rely on your subscribing clients to provide a steady stream of predictable revenue every year.
• As a result, keeping an eye on your annual revenue ratio (ARR) over time will enable you to make well-informed budgetary decisions, guarantee that your firm is growing, and generate realistic revenue projections.

Get financial advice from industry experts

11. Customer Acquisition Cost (CAC)

The customer acquisition cost (CAC) represents the amount of money your business must pay to acquire a new client.

Formula

Sales & Marketing Expenses / # of New Customers Acquired

Why it’s Important

• It is incredibly helpful to know how much money your firm needs to spend on attracting new customers.
• Your CAC will tell you how successful your marketing and sales activities are as well as how much money you need to spend on marketing to close a new customer.
• The marketing department’s responsibility to optimize your customer acquisition cost (CAC) is crucial since underspending on client acquisition might hinder your ability to grow while overspending on the acquisition can prevent you from turning a profit.

12. CAC Payback

The term “CAC payback,” also known as “months to recover CAC,” describes how long it will take your company to recoup the costs associated with acquiring new customers.

Formula

Sales & Marketing Expenses / (New MRR * Gross Margin)

Why it’s Important

• The shorter the CAC payback period, the faster you’ll be ‘breaking even’ on your client acquisition costs and recuperating your investment.
• You can determine the kind of return on investment (ROI) and overall effectiveness of your sales and marketing campaigns by knowing your CAC payback.
• It is crucial to evaluate your CAC payback duration in conjunction with other financial indicators, such as your LTV, since a low LTV and a lengthy CAC payback period may render you bankrupt if new clients leave before you have recovered all of your client acquisition expenses.

13. Customer Lifetime Value (CLV)

The customer lifetime value (CLV) represents the average revenue you can expect to receive from a customer before they leave.

Formula

(ARPA * Gross Margin) / Churn Rate

Why it’s Important

• Since your consumers are the lifeblood of your company, your lifetime value (LTV) shows how much each new client is worth in the long run.
• Your LTV may tell you several things about your clients, such as how long they remain loyal to you and how much they value your goods.
• Because you want to keep consumers satisfied for as long as possible and raise the amount of money they spend with you, enhancing this financial indicator requires multiple approaches.

14. Customer Growth Percentage

Customer growth percentage, or new logo growth, measures the proportion of new customers acquired during the current period relative to the total number of customers from the previous period.

Formula

((New Customer this Period – New Customers Last Period) / New Customers Last Period) * 100

Why it’s Important

• This is a crucial sign of your capacity to grow your clientele and increase your market share.
• If your organization is a software as a service (SaaS) provider, which usually depends on customer acquisition for business growth, then customer growth % is an excellent KPI to track.
• A strong new customer growth rate usually means that your marketing and sales activities are working to help you expand your business and attract new clients.
• But, you should also evaluate other metrics like customer churn rates, client lifetime value, and more to get a full insight into your business’s customer acquisition strategy.

15. LTV: CAC Ratio

The LTV: CAC ratio displays the relationship between your client lifetime value and your customer acquisition expenses.

Formula

Customer Lifetime Value / Customer Acquisition Cost

Why it’s Important

• By comparing LTV and CAC, you may determine whether you’re paying too much or not enough on client acquisition, depending on whether the CAC is higher than the LTV.
• While gaining new clients is expensive, you must balance the LTV and CAC correctly to make sure your marketing initiatives will benefit your company in the long run.

16. SaaS Quick Ratio

The SaaS fast ratio measures the proportion of MRR gained through new business and expansion compared to that lost through churn and contraction.

Formula

(New MRR + Expansion MRR) / (Churn MRR + Contraction MRR)

Why it’s Important

• Growing MRR may seem like a generally positive indicator, but to make sure it’s sustainable, you need to take into account both the growth and the amount of MRR you’re losing each month to churn and contraction.
• Startups often regard a decent SaaS fast ratio as 4, but you should also consider the other financial indicators to get a more complete picture of your company’s health.

17. SaaS Magic Number

The SaaS magic number compares the growth in revenue of your business to the costs associated with acquiring new customers.

Formula

(New MRR + Expansion MRR) / (Contraction MRR + Churned MRR)

Why it’s Important

• You may find out whether you’re overspending on client acquisition and how much revenue growth you produce for each dollar spent on sales and marketing by using your SaaS magic number.
• A high magic number indicates to potential investors that your organization can grow its income significantly while spending less on sales and marketing, which is a positive indication for the long-term viability of your enterprise.

18. Rule of 40

The Rule of 40 assesses how well your company performs when it comes to profitability and growth in recurring revenue.

Formula

Revenue Growth Rate + Gross Margin

Why it’s Important

• Many investors will use this straightforward guideline to assess the financial stability of your company, especially if it offers software as a service.
• When your company’s growth rate plus profitability are at or above 40, the statistic indicates “good” performance. This indicates that your business is making profits and expanding at a healthy rate, which is often encouraging to investors.
• Should the total of these two figures be less than 40, it may suggest that your business is expanding rapidly while maintaining poor profitability, or expanding profitably but at a sluggish pace.
• It’s crucial to remember that although the Rule of 40 may not be a complete indicator of your company’s financial health, investors may rely on it as a quick benchmark value.

19. Revenue Per Employee

The money generated by each employee for your company is displayed as revenue per employee.

Formula

TTM Total Company Revenue / Current # of Full-Time Employees

Why it’s Important

• Although your staff is essential to your organization, they also come at a significant cost.
• Although you might not use revenue per employee as your only indicator when making critical business decisions, it does provide you with an objective means of gauging your team’s productivity.
• By integrating additional significant financial data and evaluating it against industry standards, you may plan for future expansion and make sure that the output of your staff will help you reach these goals.

20. Gross Revenue Retention

The percentage of your revenue that is kept over a specific period is known as gross revenue retention.

Formula

1 – [(Churned MRR + Downgrade MRR) / MRR at the End of the Previous Month]

Why it’s Important

• Keeping an eye on your gross revenue retention is essential for any expanding SaaS company looking to gauge how satisfied your clients are with your offerings.
• Your gross revenue retention rate should rise over time as a reflection of your commitment to your clients and a strong product/market fit.
• You may obtain a strong understanding of your profitability by evaluating your revenue retention rate in conjunction with other financial indicators such as LTV and CAC. A greater revenue retention rate indicates that you are sustaining sales with the clients you have previously paid to acquire.